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The effects and influences of predation on ungulates are reviewed. Predation is a significant source of mortality and influences the distribution and habitat selection of native ungulates. Predation effects and influences on Vancouver Island deer and elk are reviewed and contrasted with those of the rest of North America. Predation on deer is particularly severe due to high wolf population densities and the probable additive effects of cougar and bear predation and human deer harvests. Wolves probably influence seasonal movements and habitat selection of deer and elk, but the available information is inconclusive. The potential effects and influences of wolf predation on ungulate populations in second-growth forests is high. It presents a major confounding factor in interpreting deer and elk habitat utilization, animal condition, and population parameters. However, it is suggested that wolves should not be viewed as a confounding influence on intensive forestry management but as an integral component of a man
Hatter, Ian W.. 1982. Predator-ungulate Relationships in Second-growth on Vancouver Island. Problem Analysis (Also printed as IWIFR-5). Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Forests. Wildlife Bulletin. B21
Keywords: deer, elk, Vanvouver Island, North America, predation, ungulates
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