Dorst, A. 2018. The Birds of Vancouver Island’s West Coast. UBC Press. Vancouver. 559 pp.
(SOCB) State of Canada’s Birds. Environment and Climate Change Canada and Birds Canada. 2024. The State of Canada’s Birds – Species Accounts. Data accessed from NatureCounts, Birds Canada
Bird, J., R. Martin, H.R. Akçakaya, et al. 2020. Generation lengths of the world’s birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conservation Biology 34:1252–1261.
Campbell, R.W., N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, et al. 1990b. The Birds of British Columbia Vol. 2: Nonpasserines: Diurnal Birds of Prey through Woodpeckers. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC.
Hoffman, W., J. A. Wiens and J. M. Scott. 1978. Hybridization between gulls (Larus glaucescens and L. occidentalis) in the Pacific Northwest. Auk 95:441-458.
Meehan, T.D., G.S. LeBaron, K. Dale, et al. 2022. Trends in relative abundance for birds wintering in the continental USA and Canada: Audubon Christmas Bird Counts, 1966-2021, version 4.0. National Audubon Society, New York, New York, USA.
Pierotti, R.J. and C. A. Annett. 2020. Western Gull (Larus occidentalis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Siddle, C.R. 2015e. Western Gull in Davidson, P.J.A., R.J. Cannings, A.R. Couturier, D. Lepage, and C.M. Di Corrado (eds.). The Atlas of the Breeding Birds of British Columbia, 2008-2012. Bird Studies Canada. Delta, B.C.
Cross-Linked Information Resources (CLIR): an umbrella search web application that allows users to
use a single window to simultaneously search six provincial environmental and natural resource information
e-libraries and provides access to digital documents in these e-libraries.
