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BC Conservation Data Centre: Species Summary


Myotis septentrionalis
Northern Myotis

 
Scientific Name: Myotis septentrionalis (Trovessart, 1897)
English Name: Northern Myotis
English Name Synonyms: Northern Long-eared Myotis
 
Classification / Taxonomy
Scientific Name - Concept Reference: Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.
Classification Level: Species
Species Group: Vertebrate Animal
Species Code: M-MYSE
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Craniata Mammalia Chiroptera Vespertilionidae
   
Conservation Status / Legal Designation
Global Status: G2G3 (Dec 2021)
Provincial Status: S2S3 (Mar 2022)
BC List: Blue
Provincial FRPA list:   
Provincial Wildlife Act:
COSEWIC Status: Endangered (Nov 2013)
SARA Schedule: 1  -  Endangered (Dec 2014)
General Status Canada: 4 - Secure (2005)
   
Ecology & Life History
General Description: Methods of aging individuals by morphological features are limited. Juveniles can be distinguished from adults by the incomplete ossification of the phalangeal epiphyses until late August of the year of their birth (Kunz 1971, Caire et al. 1979). After that time, all are typically classified as adults. Degree of wear of the teeth has been used to determine relative age of adults (Guthrie 1933), though Hall et al. (1957) found this to be unreliable. Examination of canine and molars of individuals known to be at least 18-19 years of age revealed very little wear.

In Missouri, prehibernation fat deposition period occurs from August to October and results in an increase in average weight of 41-45% (Caire et al. 1979). By spring, the same study found that both sexes weighed approximately what they had before the prehibernation fat deposition period.
Global Reproduction Comments: Copulation occurs in the late summer and early fall, during the swarming period when large numbers of bats congregate in and near certain caves (Baker 1983, Kurta 1980). Females store sperm during hibernation, though some may copulate again at spring emergence (Guthrie 1933, Racey 1982). Guthrie (1933) found a portion of the males of some species to be reproductively active in late winter and early spring. However, males emerging from hibernation in Missouri were found to be reproductively inactive (undescended testes) until late July, with the largest percentage of males becoming reproductively active in August and September (Caire et al. 1979). Females ovulate at the time of emergence and parturition occurs 50-60 days later (Baker 1983). Later parturition dates at higher latitudes are due to later emergence and therefore later ovulation (Racey 1982).

Females bear a single young, with parturition occurring in late May or early June in Missouri and Oklahoma (Caire et al 1979, Easterla 1965, Caire et al. 1989), in early to late June in Indiana (Cope and Humphrey 1972), and in late June to early July in Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, and New York (Kunz 1971, Hoffmeister 1989, Kurta 1980, Hamilton and Whitaker 1979). Post-lactating females were observed by mid-June in Missouri (Caire et al. 1979) and by mid- July to late July in Michigan and Iowa (Kurta 1980, Kunz 1971), with volant young observed at about that time in all studies. Young-of-the-year may reproduce in their first fall, but the proportion of the cohort doing so is unknown (Kurta, pers. comm.). Nursery colonies are relatively small, most often including 2-30 adults (10-90 individuals, including young, according to Layne (1978)).
Global Ecology Comments: Syntopic species during hibernation include Myotis lucifugus, Pipistrellus subflavus, and Eptesicus fuscus. Myotis septentrionalis; generally comprises a small percentage (for example, <1% in Missouri, 6% in Quebec-Ontario, 8% in Michigan, 10% in New England, 15% in Illinois) of the bats found hibernating in any single site (Griffin 1940, Hitchcock 1949, Pearson 1962, Caire et al. 1979, Stones 1981). Summer surveys reveal similar figures. In a netting survey of Iowa bats utilizing stream corridors for foraging, Kunz (1973) captured 64 Myotis septentrionalis over three years, out of an eight-species sample totaling 540 individuals (12%); Myotis septentrionalis was the third most abundant species, ranking far behind Eptesicus fuscus (243) and Lasiurus borealis (124). At Renfrew mine, Fenton (1969) found 117 Myotis septentrionalis compared to 5,712 Myotis lucifugus.

Rarely are there more than 100 individuals per hibernation colony (Barbour and Davis 1969, Caire et al. 1979). However, Stones (1981), found over 100 individuals (mean = 226) in 5 of 21 mines in which M. septentrionalis occurred in northern Michigan. In that study, 73% of the entire population was found in 5 mines and 86% in 8 mines of the 21 mines containing the species. Individuals usually roost solitarily.

In summer, these bats generally are colonial, but reproductive females and juveniles often roost alone. As many as 60 adults have been found in a single tree (Foster and Kurta 1999).

No single population of significant size has been studied intensively or long enough to determine population structure. Habitat utilization biases are reflected in sex ratios of animals captured during the summer, when females are more frequently taken near streams and males are more frequently taken at caves. Sex ratio data from hibernacula are more consistent. Griffin (1940) reported on sex ratios from New England hibernacula, where he found males comprised 77.8% of a sample population of 877 individuals over an 8 year period. In southern Illinois, Pearson (1962) found 72% males among the groups hibernating in silica mines and Hitchcock (1949) found that 76.0% of 242 individuals hibernating in eastern Canada were males and that the sexes did not segregate during hibernation. In northern Michigan, males comprised 60% of winter populations and were more abundant than females in all but 3 of 21 mines searched (Stones 1981).

The disparity in the sex ratio appears to be quite consistent among studies, seasons, and sites. Griffin (1940) suggested that females may have a higher mortality rate than males and consequently, a shorter life span and lower representation in the population. Hitchcock's (1949) original data recently were statistically analyzed and shown to support this hypothesis (Hitchcock et al. 1984).

Although age structure is not known for any population, potential longevity is at least two decades. Hall et al. (1957) reported one banded M. septentrionalis that was found recently dead in the cave in which it had been banded almost 19 years earlier.

In West Virginia, foraging home ranges of seven females averaged 61.1 hectares (Menzel et al. 1999).

In Michigan, radio-tagged bats in spring-summer changed roosts every 2 days; distance between roosts was 6-2000 m (Foster and Kurta 1999).

In an experiment to determine the homing ability of blinded and deafened bats, a blinded individual returned 32 miles to its home cave in 2.5 hr. after being held in captivity for 3 days (Stones and Branick 1969). The return rate of this animal was at an average, straight-line speed of 12.8 miles per hour. Overall, blinded bats returned to their home cave at the same frequency as did the control animals over the 6-week period following their release. However, none of the bats with impaired hearing returned during that time.

No significant predators are known (Baker 1983). Reported parasites include chiggers, mites, and trematodes (Whitaker and Winter 1977, Whitaker and Mumford 1971).
Migration Characteristics:
(Global / Provincial)		 
    Nonmigrant:
    Local Migrant:
    Distant Migrant:
    Within Borders Migrant: 		Y /
Y /
N /
na /
Global Migration Comments: Barbour and Davis (1969) reported that the winter and summer geographic ranges of the species appear to be identical. However, the lack of hibernacula and gravid or nursing females in some areas indicates that significant portions of the population may move seasonally. Late summer swarming behavior resulting in relatively high concentrations at some caves indicates that there is some degree of local or regional movement prior to reproduction. The low numbers of females captured at cave entrances and along streams throughout the summer in Missouri indicates dispersal to maternity sites, perhaps beyond the cave region of the state (Caire et al. 1979). The lack of hibernacula in southern Michigan suggests that bats must migrate either south to the karst regions of Indiana and Ohio or north to the abandoned mines of the Upper Peninsula to overwinter (Kurta 1982). A few observations indicate that this species is capable of moving relatively long distances, often in a short period of time. One male recaptured by Caire et al. (1979) in Missouri had traveled at least 56 km in about one month, from its cave of origin to its apparent summering area where it was found behind the shutter of a house. Griffin (1945) reported one individual that flew approximately 100 kilometers between two caves sometime between February and April of the same year. Recent accounts suggest that migrations are limited (~100 km between winter hibernacula (i.e., mating sites) and summer ranges (Caceres and Barclay 2000, Fleming and Eby 2003).

Recent genetic data indicate that movements and genetic interchanges among populations may be considerable. Johnson et al. (2014) analyzed variation at 10 nuclear DNA microsatellite markers in 182 individuals at multiple spatial scales, from within first-order to larger regional areas in West Virginia and New York. Groups of M. septentrionalis were genetically indistinguishable at any spatial scale, and the collective population maintained high genetic diversity. The authors hypothesized that the bats' ability to migrate, exploit small forest patches, and use networks of mating sites located throughout the Appalachian Mountains, Interior Highlands, and elsewhere in the hibernation range have allowed northern myotis to maintain high genetic diversity and gene flow regardless of forest disturbances at local and regional spatial scales.

Radiotelemetry data from maternity colonies in West Virginia indicate that the bats occupy small roosting ranges that often are isolated in single watersheds (Menzel et al. 2002, Johnson et al. 2009).
Habitats:
(Type / Subtype / Dependence) 		Anthropogenic / Urban/Suburban / Unknown
Forest / Conifer Forest - Dry / Facultative - frequent use
Forest / Conifer Forest - Mesic (average) / Facultative - frequent use
Forest / Conifer Forest - Moist/wet / Facultative - frequent use
Lakes / Lake / Facultative - occasional use
Lakes / Pond/Open Water / Facultative - occasional use
Riparian / Riparian Forest / Facultative - frequent use
Stream/River / Stream/River / Facultative - occasional use
Subterranean / Caves / Obligate
Global Habitat Comments: This bat generally is associated with old-growth forests composed of trees 100 years old or older. It relies on intact interior forest habitat, with low edge-to-interior ratios. Relevant late-successional forest features include a high percentage of old trees, uneven forest structure (resulting in multilayered vertical structure), single and multiple tree-fall gaps, standing snags, and woody debris. These late successional forest characteristics may be favored for several reasons, including the large number of partially dead or decaying trees that the species uses for breeding, summer day roosting, and foraging. [Source: USFWS 2011, which see for citations of further literature]

Small, highly fragmented, or young forests that provide limited areas of subcanopy foraging habitat may not be suitable. Young forests may also lack appropriate nursery sites. However, recent studies indicate that these bats can exploit relatively isolated and small forest fragments (Caceres and Barclay 2000, Henderson et al. 2008, Johnson et al. 2008).

Foraging occurs within forests, along forest edges, over forest clearings, and occasionally over ponds (Ammerman et al. 2012). Eleven individuals (10 males, 1 female) tagged with chemical lights observed during the summer in Missouri (LaVal et al. 1977), foraged almost exclusively among the trees of hillside and ridge forests, rather than utilizing floodplain and riparian forests; frequently foraging occurred within 1 to 3 m of the ground. Foraging bats doubled back frequently and only slowly moved out of the observation area. In Iowa, Kunz (1973, 1971) found primarily females foraging in mature deciduous uplands with adjacent deep ravines and in a disturbed riparian area with an adjacent floodplain and agricultural lands.

Hibernation occurs primarily in caves, mines, and tunnels, typically those with large passages and entrances, relatively constant and cool temperatures, high humidity, and no air currents (Griffin 1940, Jackson 1961, Mumford and Cope 1964, Kurta 1982, Raesly and Gates 1987, Caceres and Pybus 1997, USFWS 2013). Hibernators frequently roost in crevices, drill holes, and similar sites (Griffin 1940, Layne 1958, Pearson 1962, Caire et al. 1979, Whitaker and Mumford 2009) where they may be overlooked during surveys, but roosting in the open is not uncommon (Barbour and Davis 1969, Whitaker and Mumford 2009). A lack of suitable hibernacula may prevent occupancy of areas that otherwise have adequate habitat (Kurta 1982).

Use of different types of hibernacula can vary considerably among areas, depending upon quality and availability of sites. In a study of 71 potential hibernation sites, including large and small caves, overhangs, and mines, on the Shawnee National Forest in southern Illinois (Whitaker and Winter 1977), mines were the only occupied habitat. Mines also are the principal hibernation sites in northern Michigan where there are no caves (Stones 1981). In the northeastern U.S., hibernation sites include mines and caves (Griffin 1940, Hall et al. 1957) as well as large, cavelike water conduit tunnels (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.; T. French, cited by USFWS 2013).

The principal requirements of a suitable hibernation site are winter-long, low temperatures above freezing, high humidity, and lack of disturbances, both natural (floods) and anthropogenic (visitation) (Barbour and Davis 1969, Hitchcock 1949). At least two studies have provided contradictory information on thermal habitat preferences, suggesting that warmer temperatures sometimes are selected or at least tolerated. In Illinois, Pearson (1962) found that the mean temperature at hibernation sites averaged 9.7 C. Stones (1981) studied the occurrence of bats in northern Michigan mines that were vertically thermally stratified. The mean ambient temperature was 5.9 C, with 43% of the population occurring in the range 7-8 C and 6.5% occurring in the range 9-11 C.

There appears to be a high degree of philopatry in hibernaculum use. In Missouri, over 90% of recaptured banded individuals, representing 5% of the original banded population of 945 (753 males and 192 females), were recaptured at their cave of origin (Caire et al. 1979). Mills (1971) recaptured 4.8% of 358 individuals at their cave of origin the year after banding. Griffin (1945) found that of over 13,000 banded bats of various species, of which about 8,500 were banded in their winter hibernacula, the ratio was 100:1 for bats that were observed to return to their cave of origin over subsequent winters vs. those that were recaptured elsewhere.

Night roosts used in summer between foraging bouts are in different habitats than day roosts. Caves, mines, and quarry tunnels are used as night roosts, typically by males, but also by nonreproductive females (Clark et al. 1987, Jones et al. 1967). They are joined later in the summer by juveniles and post-lactating females (Kunz, 1973). During the day, these same sites usually house no M. septentrionalis. Daytime observations typically are of individuals in crevices or hollows or under loose bark on trees (Foster and Kurta 1999) and in a variety of small spaces associated with buildings and other structures (Hoffmeister 1989, Caire et al. 1979, Hamilton and Whitaker 1979, Barbour and Davis 1969). At times M. septentrionalis has been found in or around caves on summer nights, but not actually roosting in them (Mills 1971). Early in the summer, these groups mostly comprise males, with females and young-of-the-year joining later in the season (Caire et al. 1979).

Nothing has been published on the fidelity of individuals or colonies to particular swarming sites, nor the relationship of swarming site selection to hibernaculum and summer roost selection. Given the low numbers found in most hibernacula and summer night roosts relative to the higher numbers found at swarming sites, it appears that certain caves serve as congregation points for fall mating activity. However, short-term banding returns at swarming sites are very low, indicating movement among swarming sites (Kurta, pers. comm.).

Most nursery colonies are in cavities or beneath loose bark in trees or snags in upland forests, with roost entrances generally below or within the tree canopy (Mumford and Cope 1964, Sasse and Perkins 1996, Lacki and Schwierjohann 2001, Menzel et al. 2002, Owen et al. 2002, Carter and Feldhamer 2005, Perry and Thill 2007, Lacki et al. 2009, Timpone et al. 2010, Silvis et al. 2012). Reproductive females use a wide range of tree species. For example, in summer in north-central Kentucky, Silvis et al. (2012) tracked 58 females to 105 roost trees of 21 species; sassafras was used as a day roost more than expected based on forest stand-level availability and accounted for 48.6 percent of all observed day roosts. Individuals frequently switch roosts (Menzel et al. 2002, Owen et al. 2002, Carter and Feldhamer 2005, Timpone et al. 2010).

Some summer roosts are in buildings or bat houses or under bridges (Brandon 1961, Barbour and Davis 1969, Cope and Humphrey 1972, Amelon and Burhans 2006, Whitaker and Mumford 2009). A large colony in a barn in Indiana (Cope and Humphrey 1972) on 22 June had 24 adult females, 12 immature females, and 18 immature males; 10 other adults escaped. Of the 24 females, 23 were lactating and 1 was pregnant. Roosts of males and nonreproductive females include tree hollows as well as cooler locations, including caves and mines (Barbour and Davis 1969, Amelon and Burhans 2006). In Arkansas, pine snags were important summer roosts for males (Perry and Thill 2007).

In West Virginia, these bats formed social groups whose roost areas and roost tree networks overlapped to some extent (Johnson et al. 2012). Most networks had a single central node roost tree. In control treatments, central node roost trees were in early stages of decay and surrounded by greater basal area than other trees within the networks. In prescribed fire treatments, central node roost trees were small in diameter, low in the forest canopy, and surrounded by low basal area compared to other trees in networks. The results indicated that forest disturbances, including prescribed fire, can affect availability and distribution of roosts within roost tree networks.
Food Habits: Invertivore: Adult, Immature
Global Food Habits Comments: This species evidently is an opportunistic insectivore (Kunz 1973); prey composition varies widely among sites and seasons; diet includes Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, and Hemiptera (Whitaker 1972, LaVal and LaVal 1980, Griffith and Gates 1985, Dodd et al. 2012; see also Ammerman et al. 2012r for a review of other recent information). These bats capture flying insects and also glean prey from plants or the forest floor.
Global Phenology: Hibernates/aestivates: Adult, Immature
Nocturnal: Adult, Immature
Global Phenology Comments: Hibernation occurs from late summer/early fall to spring. In more northerly locations, hibernation begins earlier in the fall and extends later into the spring. In Missouri, hibernation has been reported from October to late March, with numbers of individuals captured at cave entrances beginning to decline significantly in September (Caire et al. 1979). In Michigan's Upper Peninsula, hibernation began by late August, while the earliest reported capture of an active bat in the spring was a gravid female on 29 May (Kurta 1980) in the southern Lower Peninsula. In New England, arrival at hibernation caves begins by early October (Griffin 1940). In Indiana, a few flew outside a hibernation site periodically throughout winter, especially in mild weather; feeding apparently did not begin until mid-March (Whitaker and Rissler 1992).

In summer, an activity peak generally occurs 1-2 hours after sunset, with a secondary peak 7-8 hours after sunset. Nocturnal insects often exhibit a strong flight period among nocturnal insects beginning before sunset, peaking near midnight, and waning throughout the early morning hours, and a second but less intense flight period may occur before sunrise (see Kunz 1973). In Iowa, both LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS and MYOTIS SEPTENTRIONALIS showed a similar bimodal activity pattern with a period of reduced activity from 4 to 6 hours after sunset (Kunz 1973).
Provincial Phenology:
(1st half of month/
2nd half of month)
Colonial Breeder: Y
Length(cm)/width(cm)/Weight(g): 9/ / 8
Elevation (m) (min / max): Global: 
Provincial: 
   
 
Distribution
Endemic: N
Global Range Comment: This bat is widely but patchily distributed in the eastern and north-central United States and adjacent southern Canada, from eastern British Columbia and southern Yukon eastward across southern Canada to eastern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, and southward to southern Texas (one old record), Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida (one old record from panhandle), and westward in the United States generally to the eastern margin of the Great Plains region (Barbour and Davis 1969, Harvey 1992, van Zyll de Jong 1985, Hall 1981, Crnkovic 2003, Wilson and Reeder 2005, Amelon and Burhans 2006, Marks and Marks 2006, Henderson et al. 2009, Ammerman et al. 2012, Park and Broders 2012). The overall summer and winter ranges are essentially the same (Barbour and Davis 1969).
 
Authors / Contributors
Global Information Author: Hammerson, G., L. Wilsmann, and J. Soule
Last Updated: Jun 12, 2014
Provincial Information Author:
Last Updated:
   
References and Related Literature
Baker, R. H. 1983. Michigan mammals. Michigan State University Press. 642 pp.
Barbour, R. W., and W. H. Davis. 1969. Bats of America. The University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, Kentucky. 286 pp.
Barclay, R.M., and R.M. Brigham, eds. 1996. Bats and Forests Symposium. B.C. Minist. For. Res. Program, Working Pap. No. 23. 292pp.
Brandon, R. A. 1961. Observations of young keen bats. Journal of Mammalogy 42(3):400-1.
Caceres, M. C., and R.M.R. Barclay. 2000. Myotis septentrionalis. Mammalian Species 634:1-4.
Caire, W., R. K. LaVal, M. L. LaVal, and R. Clawson. 1979. Notes on the ecology of MYOTIS KEENIII (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in Eastern Missouri. Amer. Midl. Nat. 102(2):404-7.
Clark, B. K., J. B. Bowles, and B. S. Clark. 1987. Summer status of the endangered Indiana bat in Iowa. Amer. Midl. Nat. 118(1):32-9.
Cope, J. B., and S. R. Humphrey. 1972. Reproduction of the bats MYOTIS KEENII and PIPISTRELLUS SUBFLAVUS in Indiana. Bat Res. News 13:9-10.
Easterla, D. A. 1965. Parturition of Keen's myotis in southwestern Missouri. Journal of Mammalogy 49(4):770.
Fenton, M. B. 1969. Summer activity of MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) at hibernacula in Ontario and Quebec. Can. J. Zool. 47:597-602.
Fenton, M. B. 1982. Echolocation, insect hearing, and feeding ecology of insectivorous bats. Pages 261-85 in T. H. Kunz (editor). Ecology of Bats. Plenum Press, New York, New York.
Foster, R. W., and A. Kurta. 1999. Roosting ecology of the northern bat (MYOTIS SEPTENTRIONALIS) and comparisons with the endangered Indiana bat (MYOTIS SODALIS). Journal of Mammalogy 80:659-672.
Griffin, D. R. 1940a. Notes on the life histories of New England cave bats. Journal of Mammalogy 21:181-7.
Griffin, D. R. 1940b. Migrations of New England bats. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 86:217-246.
Griffin, D.R. 1945. TRAVELS OF BANDED CAVE BATS. J. MAMMAL. 26:15-23.
Griffith, L. A., and J. E. Gates. 1985. Food habits of cave-dwelling bats in the central Appalachians, Journal of Mammalogy 66(3):451-60.
Guthrie, M. J. 1933. The reproductive cycles of some cave bats. Journal of Mammalogy 14:199-216.
Hall, E. R. 1981a. The Mammals of North America, second edition. Vols. I & II. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 1181 pp.
Hall, J. S., R. J. Cloutier, and D. R. Griffin. 1957. Longevity records and notes on tooth wear of bats. Journal of Mamalogy 38:407-409.
Hamilton, W. J., Jr., and J. O. Whitaker, Jr. 1979. Mammals of the eastern United States. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. 346 pp.
Hitchcock, H. B. 1949. Hibernation of bats in southeastern Ontario and adjacent Quebec. The Canadian Field Naturalist 63(2):47-59.
Hitchcock, H. B., R. Keen, and A. Kurta. 1984. Survival rates of Myotis leibii and Eptesicus fuscus in southeastern Ontario. Journal of Mammalogy 65:126-30.
Hoffmeister, D. F. 1989. Mammals of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. 349 pp.
Holroyd, S.L., R.M.R. Barclay, L.M. Merk, and R.M. Brigham. 1994. A Survey of the Bat Fauna of the Dry Interior of British Columbia. B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Wildl. Branch. Working Rep. WR-63. 80pp.
Jackson, H. H. 1961. Mammals of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 504 pp.
Jones, J. K. Jr., E. D. Fleharty, and P. B. Dunnigan. 1967. The distributional status of bats in Kansas. Univ. Kans, Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Pub. 46:1-33.
Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.
Kunz, T. H. 1971. Reproduction of some vespertilionid bats of central Iowa. Amer. Midl. Nat. 86(2):477-86.
Kunz, T. H. 1973. Resource utilization: Temporal and spatial components of bat activity in cental Iowa. Journal of Mammalogy 54(1):14-32.
Kurta, A. 1980. Notes on summer bat activity at Michigan caves. Natl. Speleolog. Soc. Bull. 42:68-9.
Kurta, A. 1982. A review of Michigan Bats: Seasonal and geographic distribution. Mich. Acad. 14(3):295-312.
Kurta, A. Biology Department. Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan. Personal communication.
LaVal, R. K., and M. L. LaVal. 1980. Ecological studies and management of Missouri bats, with emphasis on cave dwelling species. Terrestrial Series 8, Missouri Department of Conservation.
LaVal, R. K., R. L. Clawson, M. L. LaVal and W. Caire. 1977. Foraging behavior and nocturnal activity patterns of Missouri bats, with emphasis on the endangered species Myotis grisescens and Myotis sodalis. Journal of Mammalogy 58:592-599.
Layne, J. N. 1958. Notes on animals of southern Illinois. Amer. Midl. Nat. 60(1):219-54.
Layne, J. N., editor. 1978. Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Vol. 1. Mammals. State of Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission. xx + 52 pp.
McNab, B. K. 1982. Evolutionary alternatives in the physiological ecology of bats. Pages 151-200 in T. H. Kunz (editor). Ecology of Bats. Plenum Press, New York, New York.
Menzel, M. A., R. Odom, S. Owen, W. M. Ford, B. R. Chapman, K. V. Miller, J. Edwards, and P. Wood. 1999b. Investigation of foraging habitat use by bats with a focus on Northern Long-eared Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis): a comparison of methods. IN M. K. Clark, editor. Abstracts from the 1999 Colloquium on the conservation of mammals in the Southeastern United States. Available at: http://www.batworkinggroups.org/sbdnnews.htm. Accessed 2001-06-12.
Mills, R. S. 1971. A concentration of MYOTIS KEENII at caves in Ohio. Journal of Mammalogy 52:625.
Mumford, R.E. and J.B. Cope. 1964. Distribution and status of the Chiroptera of Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 72(2):473-489.
Pearson, E. W. 1962. Bats hibernating in silica mines in southern Illinois. Journal of Mammalogy 43(1):27-33.
Racey, P. A. 1982. Ecology of bat reproduction. Pages 57-104 in T. H. Kunz (editor). Ecology of Bats. Plenum Press, New York, New York.
Stones, R. C. 1981. Survey of winter bat populations in search of the Indiana bat in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Report submitted to Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 20 pp.
Stones, R. C., and L. P. Branick. 1969. Use of hearing in homing by two species of MYOTIS bats. Journal of Mammalogy 50(1):157-60.
van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1979. Distribution and systematic relationships of long-eared Myotis in western Canada. Canadian J. Zool. 57:987-994.
van Zyll de Jong, C.G. 1985. Handbook of Canadian Mammals. Vol. II, Bats. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 212 pp.
Vonhof, M.J., and L.C. Wilkinson. 2000. A Summary of Roosting Requirements of Northern Long-Eared Myotis in Northeastern British Columbia. Pp. 459-460 in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 1; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC. 490pp.
Whitaker, J. O. Jr, and F. A. Winter. 1977. Bats of the caves and mines of the Shawnee National Forest, southern Illinois. Ill. State Acad. Sci. 70(3/4):301-13.
Whitaker, J. O. Jr. 1972. Food habits of bats from Indiana. Can. J. Zoology. 50:877-83.
Whitaker, J. O. Jr., and R. E. Mumford. 1971. Notes on a collection of bats taken by mist-netting at an Indiana cave. Amer. Midl. Nat. 85(1):277-9.
Whitaker, J. O., Jr., and L. J. Rissler. 1992. Winter activity of bats at a mine entrance in Vermillion County, Indiana. Am. Midl. Nat. 127:52-59.
Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.
 

Please visit the website Conservation Status Ranks for definitions of the data fields used in this summary report.

Suggested Citation:

B.C. Conservation Data Centre. 2014. Species Summary: Myotis septentrionalis. B.C. Minist. of Environment. Available: https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/ (accessed Jun 4, 2026).