BC Conservation Data Centre: Species Summary
Accipiter gentilis laingi
Northern Goshawk, laingi subspecies
| Scientific Name: | Accipiter gentilis laingi (Taverner, 1940) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English Name: | Northern Goshawk, laingi subspecies | ||||||||||
| Classification / Taxonomy | |||||||||||
| Scientific Name - Concept Reference: | American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1957. The AOU check-list of North American birds, 5th ed. Port City Press, Inc., Baltimore, MD. 691 pp. | ||||||||||
| Classification Level: | Subspecies | ||||||||||
| Species Group: | Vertebrate Animal | ||||||||||
| Species Code: | B-NOGO-LA | ||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
| Conservation Status / Legal Designation | |||||||||||
| Global Status: | G5T2 (Apr 2016) | ||||||||||
| Provincial Status: | S2 (May 2010) | ||||||||||
| BC List: | Red | ||||||||||
| Provincial FRPA list: | Y (May 2004) | ||||||||||
| Provincial Wildlife Act: | |||||||||||
| COSEWIC Status: | Threatened (Apr 2013) | ||||||||||
| SARA Schedule: | 1 - Threatened (Jun 2003) | ||||||||||
| General Status Canada: | |||||||||||
| Migratory Bird Convention Act: | |||||||||||
| Ecology & Life History | |||||||||||
| General Description: | Adult is a large (50-60 cm), robust hawk with a long, somewhat rounded tail and relatively short, rounded wings. The upper parts are dark bluish-slate becoming blackish on the top of the head and behind the eye, underparts are pale gray and finely barred. There is a broad white stripe over the eye. Immature birds are similar to adults but browner and the ventral markings are coarser and cover both the breast and belly. The Queen Charlotte race is generally smaller and darker than the more common continental form A. g. atricapillus (Flatten et al. 1998). | ||||||||||
| Subspecies Comments: | Two subspecies of Northern Goshawk occur in British Columbia: A. g. atricapillus and A. g. laingi. The former subspecies breeds throughout the mainland and interior of British Columbia (Campbell et al. 1990). The latter subspecies, or Queen Charlotte Goshawk, occurs only on coastal British Columbia (Campbell et al. 1990), mainly the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island and other large coastal islands (McClaren 2003; Cooper and Chytyk 2001). Although breeding for Queen Charlotte Goshawk has not been confirmed on the coastal mainland of British Columbia (Campbell et al. 1990), it seems likely that the goshawks that breed on the north and central mainland coast are of this subspecies (Cooper and Chytyk 2001; McClaren 2003; Doyle 2003). | ||||||||||
| Identification Comments: | Mainly forest dwelling hawks, Queen Charlotte Goshawks have short, rounded wings and elongated tails that are well adapted for manoeuvring and flight through forested stands in pursuit of prey. The subspecies is similar in size to a Common Raven (Corvus corax); females are larger than males. Adults of both sexes are similar in appearance. Adults are brown-grey to slate-grey on the back, while underparts are whitish to pale-grey with fine horizontal light-grey stripes and darker vertical streaking. The head has a distinctive white line above the eye and dark-grey to black cap; the eye is orangey-brown to red in colour. The tail is grey with 3-5 dark, broad bands with a thin, whitish terminal band at the tip; undertail coverts are white. Immature birds are mostly mottled brown with few distinguishing characteristics. The Queen Charlotte Goshawk is considered greyer overall and smaller in size than the interior subspecies (Beebe 1974; Squires and Reynolds 1997; McClaren 2003). | ||||||||||
| Global Reproduction Comments: |
On the Queen Charlotte Islands, courtship is thought to commence during the last week of February (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999). On Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands, one to four eggs are usually laid from mid- to late April, and incubated (primarily by the female) for 30-32 days (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999, McClaren 2004). Hatching occurs between late May and mid-June; fledging from early- to mid-July (McClaren 1997, Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999). Juvenile dispersal generally occurs in August to early September (Titus et al. 1995, Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999, McClaren 2004). On Vancouver Island, productivity averaged 1.7 fledglings per nest (n=56) (McClaren 1999); productivity was apparently lower on the Queen Charlotte Islands, averaging only 0.8 fledglings per nest (n=6) (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999). A mean of two young fledged per nest attempt was reported from Southeast Alaska (Flatten et al. 2001). Variation in productivity correlated with prey abundance; low productivity on Vancouver Island in 1995 was thought to be related to low abundance of Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). | ||||||||||
| Provincial Reproduction Comments: | There are little data on Queen Charlotte Goshawk reproduction in British Columbia, but it is assumed to be similar to that of the interior subspecies, summarized below. Goshawks lay 2-4 eggs during a 2 to 3 day period, with most laid between mid-April and late May (McGowan 1975; Reynolds and Wight 1978). Egg laying occurs earlier for Queen Charlotte Goshawk, typically mid to late April (McClaren 2003). Incubation ranges from 28 to 32 days; fledging occurs 40-42 days after hatching and young remain within the post fledging area for up to 2 months after fledging (Beebe 1974; Squires and Reynolds 1997; McClaren 2003). On Vancouver Island, the number of young fledged per nest territory fluctuated annually; mean nest productivity was 1.6 young per active nest (McClaren 2003). On the Queen Charlotte Islands, sample sizes were small, mean productivity was 1.4 young per successful nest (Doyle 2003). On Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Goshawks typically did not breed until they were >2 years old; however, females in particular, will occasionally breed in their second year (McClaren 2003). | ||||||||||
| Global Ecology Comments: | Probably resident year-round, except during food shortages (Beebe 1974, McGowan 1975, Campbell et al. 1990, Crocker-Bedford 1994, Titus et al. 1994, ADFG 1996). During food shortages, territories may be temporarily abandoned and the birds typically travel less than 100 miles to find food (Beebe 1974, Widen 1985, Squires and Reynolds 1997). Breeding season home range is approximately 700-19,000+ ha (averages reported from Southeast Alaska are 19,215 ha for females, 5,847 ha for males; Titus et al. 1994). Radio-telemetry data show that home range tends to expand after the nesting period (ADFG 1993). Most males remain on or near nesting territory; females generally disperse during winter (McClaren 1999). | ||||||||||
| Provincial Ecology Comments: | Nest territory fidelity is poorly known for Queen Charlotte Goshawk in British Columbia. On Vancouver Island, of 41 breeding females radio-tagged, only 10 (24.4%) returned to breed in their original nest territory in subsequent years (McClaren 2003). Female turnover rates were high on Vancouver Island, with adult females annually changing nest territories 78.9% of the time. One territory was occupied by six different females among six consecutive years. No data are available for male nest territory fidelity or for nest territory fidelity on the Queen Charlotte Islands. On Vancouver Island, nest trees were used, on average, for 1.6 years; use ranged from 1-6 years (McClaren 2003). Alternate nests within nest territories were, on average, 248.4 m apart from one another; 50 % of alternate nests were located within 200 m of one another. Home range sizes are unknown for Queen Charlotte Goshawk in British Columbia. On Vancouver Island, a cluster of 16 nesting territories was, on average, 6.9 km apart from one another (McClaren 2003). In winter, radio-tagged adults mostly stayed within 30 km of their nest territories on Vancouver Island. On average, females stayed within 11.4 km of their breeding sites during winter (maximum distance was 100 km), while males stayed within 15.7 km of their breeding sites (maximum distance was 92.7 km). Survivorship for Queen Charlotte Goshawk in British Columbia is unknown. On Vancouver Island, the majority of 36 radio-tagged adults died during their first year after capture (McClaren 2003). First-year post-capture mortality rates appeared lower for adult females than males; however, small sample sizes precluded accurate comparisons. Adult goshawks have few predators other than humans (Squires and Reynolds 1997). Great Horned Owl (Bubo viginianus) are known to take both adult and young goshawks, while Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), wolverine (Gulo gulo), fisher (Martes pennanti), marten (M. americana) and black bear (Ursus americanus) are known to depredate young (Squires and Reynolds 1997; F. Doyle pers. comm.). On the Queen Charlotte Islands, raccoon (Procyon lotor) was suspected of preying upon young goshawks (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999). Siblicide is known to occur (Squires and Reynolds 1997) and chick death due to stress and blood loss from black flies have been reported (F. Doyle pers. comm.). | ||||||||||
| Migration Characteristics: (Global / Provincial) | |||||||||||
|
Nonmigrant: Local Migrant: Distant Migrant: Within Borders Migrant: |
Y / Y N / N N / N na / N |
||||||||||
| Global Migration Comments: | Apparently does not regularly migrate; remains in the coastal forest habitat at or near breeding areas during the nonbreeding season (Titus et al. 1994). May disperse up to 90 kilometers, probably during food shortages (ADFG 1996). | ||||||||||
| Provincial Mobility & Migration Comments: | Unlike the interior subspecies, Queen Charlotte Goshawks do not seem to have large-scale southern migrations (Iverson et al. 1996; McClaren 2003). In winter, males tend to stay on or near their breeding home range, while females tend to wander greater distances (Iverson et al. 1996). On Vancouver Island, 3 radio-tagged females moved to islands in the Discovery Islands group off of northeastern Vancouver Island and onto the mainland coast during winter (McClaren 2003). No such movements were recorded for radio-tagged males. There is no movement data for birds on the Queen Charlotte Islands. | ||||||||||
| Habitats: (Type / Subtype / Dependence) |
Agriculture / Cultivated Field / Facultative - occasional use
Agriculture / Hedgerow / Facultative - occasional use Agriculture / Pasture/Old Field / Facultative - occasional use Alpine/Tundra / Krummholtz / Facultative - occasional use Forest / Conifer Forest - Dry / Facultative - occasional use Forest / Conifer Forest - Mesic (average) / Facultative - frequent use Forest / Conifer Forest - Moist/wet / Facultative - frequent use Forest / Mixed Forest (deciduous/coniferous mix) / Facultative - frequent use Grassland/Shrub / Meadow / Facultative - occasional use Other Unique Habitats / Estuary / Facultative - occasional use Riparian / Riparian Forest / Facultative - frequent use |
||||||||||
| Global Habitat Comments: |
Extensive forests with large stands of mature trees and dense canopies, but with an open understory. Large trees are important in providing nesting and perching platforms, in allowing ample flight space between the trunks for the goshawks to maneuver while hunting, and in providing for greater productivity of preferred prey. Closed forest canopy is believed to provide an optimal microclimate for nesting and also possibly may inhibit open-forest and forest-edge raptor predators (Crocker-Bedford 1992). BREEDING: Closely associated with mature and old-growth forests (Crocker-Bedford 1990, 1991, 1992; ADF&G 1996; McClaren 1999; Chytyk and Cooper 1999; Chytyk et al. 1999; Cooper and Chytyk 2000). On Vancouver Island, 62 per cent of 56 nests were in contiguous old-growth forests, 25 per cent in contiguous second-growth forests over 50 years old, and 13 per cent in fragmented old-growth forests (McClaren 1999). On the Queen Charlotte Islands, four active nests were found in contiguous old-growth forest, while a fifth was found in an old-growth forest bordered by mature forest that contained two alternate nests (Chytyk et al. 1999). In southeastern Alaska, 16 of 18 nest trees, and over 90 per cent of relocations of radio-tagged goshawks were located in old growth (Titus et al. 1994, ADF&G 1994). Nesting typically occurs in forests with dense canopies and an open subcanopy layer (Crocker-Bedford 1990, 1992; Titus et al. 1994; Iverson et al. 1996; McClaren 1998; Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999). Nest trees may be Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensiezii), Sitka Spruce (Picea sitkensis), Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata), Yellow Cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), or Red Alder (Alnus rubra) (Titus et al. 1994, McClaren 1999, Chytyk et al. 1999). Nest trees tend to be one of the largest trees in the stand (McClaren 1998, Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999). In Alaska, nest height ranges from 9.1-25.7 m, and nest tree diameter at breast height ranges from 41-130 cm (Titus et al. 1994). Nests on all aspects on Vancouver Island (n=56; McClaren 1999), but only on southwest aspect on Queen Charlotte Islands (n=5; Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999; Chytyk et al. 1999). Commonly move to alternate nests in successive years. These sites may or may not be in the same vicinity as the original nest. Distance moved between nests in successive years ranges from 120 m to 24 km (Titus et al. 1994). FEEDING: More so than other goshawks, seems to use continuous forests more frequently for foraging, and has less association with edges (Iverson et al. 1996). On Vancouver Island, foraging birds used old-growth or older second-growth (mostly greater than 60 years old) forests (E. McClaren, unpubl. data; and D. Doyle, pers. comm.; both cited in Cooper and Chytyk 2000). The open subcanopy of the mature forests is critical in allowing ample flight space for maneuvering between the trees during prey pursuit. Openings near old-growth forests may be used for foraging if they support high densities of prey species. The location of some nest sites suggests that some feeding may occur at seabird colonies and in estuaries and muskegs (Crocker-Bedford 1990). Radio telemetry location data show that goshawks in southeastern Alaska also occasionally use alpine areas where they apparently hunt for Rock Ptarmigan. |
||||||||||
| Provincial Habitat Comments: | Queen Charlotte Goshawks tend to nest in maturing-to-old mesic, coniferous stands (Manning et al. 2004). On Vancouver Island, these stands are typically dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) (McClaren 2003), while on the Queen Charlotte Islands, western hemlock is dominant (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999b). In general, nest stands are characterized by: 1) >45 years old (structural stages 5-7); 2) multi-layered canopies; 3) structurally diverse; 4) canopy closure 50-85%; 5) in areas of larger sized trees; 6) on the lower 2/3 of slopes; 7) on slopes with gradients <40 degrees; 8) where snags and coarse woody debris are present; 9) typically not along "hard edges"; and 10) not near urban areas (Iverson et al. 1996; Daw et al. 1998; McClaren 2003; BC Minist. of Water, Land and Air Protection 2004; Manning et al. 2004). | ||||||||||
| Food Habits: | |||||||||||
| Global Food Habits Comments: | Goshawks generally utilize large prey including birds (greater than 200 grams) and mammals (usually larger than 450 grams) (Moore and Henny 1983, Reynolds and Meslow 1984, Speiser and Bosakowski 1987, Johnsgard 1990, Warren et al. 1990, Reynolds et al. 1991, Crocker-Bedford 1990a, 1992). The most commonly recorded prey of this subspecies are Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), Blue Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), Spruce Grouse (Dendragapus canadensis), Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) and other woodpeckers, Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius), Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus), and Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus); smaller numbers of Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus), Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) and other alcids, yellowlegs (Tringa spp.), ptarmigan (Lagopus spp.), and Northwestern Crow (Corvus caurinus) are taken (Titus et al. 1994; Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999; Roberts 1997; McClaren 1997; T. Ethier pers. comm and J. Deal pers. comm., cited in Cooper and Chytyk 2000). The location of some nest sites suggests that theuy may prey upon dense seabird concentrations on some of the islands, as well as waterfowl in estuaries and in muskegs (Crocker-Bedford 1990a). This is a "short-sit-and-wait" predator (Beebe and Webster 1989, Brown and Amadon 1989, Grossman et al. 1988, Johnsgard 1990). Goshawks perch in low hidden spots then burst out, quickly traveling short distances to overtake unsuspecting prey. Goshawks are extremely agile and capable of remarkable bursts of speed. Their short wings enable quick movement while their long tails act as rudders for precise, quick turns. |
||||||||||
| Provincial Food Habits Comments: | Queen Charlotte Goshawks are opportunistic hunters and will take a wide variety of prey depending on the vulnerability and availability of the prey species (Iverson et al. 1996; Squires and Reynolds 1997). Few data are available for specific foraging ecology of the Queen Charlotte Goshawk, but is assumed to be similar to the interior subspecies, which is summarized below. Prey abundance and prey availability drive foraging habitat use and prey species selection. In general, goshawks forage in areas that have adequate prey; sufficient canopy cover to conceal the surprise approach of the goshawk; sufficient openings in the lower-mid canopy layer so that prey cannot escape or flight paths of the goshawk are not obstructed; and suitable perches available for the spot and attack hunting method of the goshawk (Beebe 1974; Reynolds and Meslow 1984; Beier and Drennan 1997). Goshawks forage in all layers of a forest, from the ground up to the aerial zones above the canopy, but tend to concentrate efforts in the ground-shrub layer (Reynolds and Meslow 1984). The large body size and aerial hunting strategies of goshawks precludes the use of young, densely stocked stands for foraging (Hayward and Escano 1989; Duncan and Kirk 1995; Squires and Ruggiero 1996). Therefore, early seral stages are less suitable as foraging habitat. Clearcuts may be used for foraging until trees reach a size where goshawks cannot easily penetrate stems or foliage. Their diet consists mainly of small mammals and medium-sized birds (Johnsgard 1990); including: squirrels, large passerines (e.g., thrushes), woodpeckers, grouse and corvids (Squires and Reynolds 1997). On Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands, main prey species include: red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), Blue Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius), Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Hermit Thrush (C. guttatus), American Robin (Turdus migratorius), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus), and Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber) (Roberts 1997; Ethier 1999; McClaren 2003; Manning et al. 2004). | ||||||||||
| Global Phenology: | |||||||||||
| Provincial Phenology: (1st half of month/ 2nd half of month) |
Jan: Present /
Feb: Active / Mar: Active / Apr: Reproducing / May: Reproducing / June: Reproducing / July: Reproducing / Aug: Reproducing / Sept: Present / Oct: Present / Nov: Present / Dec: Present / |
||||||||||
| Provincial Phenology Comments: | Adult males tend to remain on, or near, the nest territory year round (McClaren 2003). March and April tend to be the most active months for goshawk courtship, territory re-establishment, nest building and egg laying; however, during mild winters, courtship is initiated in February and, at times, as early as January (Chytyk and Dhanwant 1999b; Zeeman 2003). | ||||||||||
| Colonial Breeder: | N | ||||||||||
| Length(cm)/width(cm)/Weight(g): | / / | ||||||||||
| Elevation (m) (min / max): |
Global:
Provincial: 0 / 900 |
||||||||||
| Distribution | |||||||||||
| Endemic: | N | ||||||||||
| Global Range Comment: | Southeastern Alaska and coastal British Columbia, including the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island (Campbell et al. 1990, Crocker-Bedford 1994, Cooper and Chytyk 2000). Along the mainland coast, the southern and eastern transitions to A. g. atricapillus are not well known, but it seems likely that the northern and central British Columbia coast contains this subspecies, and possibly the southern mainland coast as well (Cooper and Chytyk 2000). Range may extend to the Olympic Peninsula and western Oregon as well; inventory to determine location of transitions between subspecies is needed (Cooper and Stevens 2000). | ||||||||||
| Authors / Contributors | |||||||||||
| Global Information Author: | West, E., G. Hammerson, S. Cannings, T. A. Gotthardt, A. Jansen, and J. G. McClory | ||||||||||
| Last Updated: | Mar 29, 2005 | ||||||||||
| Provincial Information Author: | Manning, T. and P. Chytyk | ||||||||||
| Last Updated: | May 04, 2005 | ||||||||||
| References and Related Literature | |||||||||||
1998. Northern Goshawk. B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Wildl. Branch. 2pp. |
|||||||||||
B.C. Ministry of Environment. Recovery Planning in BC. B.C. Minist. Environ. Victoria, BC. |
|||||||||||
Beebe, F.L. 1974. Field studies of the Falconiformes of British Columbia: vultures, hawks, falcons, eagles. B.C. Prov. Mus. Occas. Pap. No. 17, Victoria, 163pp. |
|||||||||||
Beier, P., and J.E Drennan. 1997. Forest structure and prey abundance in foraging areas of Northern Goshawks. Ecol. Appl. 7:564-571. |
|||||||||||
British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. 2004. "Queen Charlotte" Goshawk in Accounts and measures for managing identified wildlife. British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Victoria, BC. 52pp. |
|||||||||||
Campbell, R.W., N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser, and M.C.E. McNall. 1990b. The Birds of British Columbia Vol. 2: Nonpasserines: Diurnal Birds of Prey through Woodpeckers. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC. |
|||||||||||
Chytyk, P., and J. M. Cooper. 1999. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) species-habitat model for the Tlell River Watershed, Queen Charlotte Islands/Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. Draft unpublished report for Tlell Watershed Society, Tlell, BC. 17pp. + appendices. |
|||||||||||
Chytyk, P., and K. Dhanwant. 1999. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory for the Queen Charlotte Islands/Haida Gwaii. Unpublished report for B.C. Environment, Lands and Parks, Smithers, BC. 41pp. |
|||||||||||
Chytyk, P., and K. Dhanwant. 1999b. 1998 Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory of the Queen Charlotte Islands/Haida Gwaii - final report. B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Wildl. Branch, Smithers, BC. 41pp. |
|||||||||||
Chytyk, P., J. Cooper, and K. Dhanwant. 1999. Northern Goshawk and Marbled Murrelet habitat mapping for the Tlell River watershed, Queen Charlotte Islands/Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. Unpublished report for Tlell Watershed Society, preapred for BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Smithers, BC. 28pp. + appendices. |
|||||||||||
Cooper, J. M., and P. A. Chytyk. 2000. Status report on the "Queen Charlotte" Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis laingi. Report submitted to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), Ottawa. 29pp. |
|||||||||||
Cooper, J.M., and P. Chytyk. 2001. COSEWIC status report on the Queen Charlotte Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi). Comm. on the Status of Endangered Wildl. in Can., Ottawa. 19pp. |
|||||||||||
Cooper, J.M., and V. Stevens. 2000. A Review of the Ecology, Management, and Conservation of the Northern Goshawk in British Columbia. B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Wildl. Branch. Bull. B-101. 30pp. |
|||||||||||
Crocker-Bedford, C. 1990. Status of the Queen Charlotte goshawk. Unpubl. rep. U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, Ketchikan, AK. 16 pp. |
|||||||||||
Daw, S.K., S. DeStefano, and R.J. Steidl. 1998. Does survey method bias the description of Northern Goshawk nest-site structure? J. Wildl. Manage. 62(4):1379-1384. |
|||||||||||
Demarchi, M.W. and M.D. Bently. 2005. Best Management Practices for Raptor Conservation during Urban and Rural Land Development in British Columbia. B.C. Minist. of Environ., Victoria, B.C. MoE BMP Series. |
|||||||||||
Doyle, F. 2003. Biological review and interim strategy for goshawks on Haida Gwaii/Queen Charlotte Islands. B.C. Minist. Water, Land and Air Prot., Smithers. 65pp. |
|||||||||||
Duncan, P., and D.A. Kirk. 1995b. Status report on the Queen Charlotte Goshawk Accipiter gentilis laingi and Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis atricapillus in Canada. Comm. on the Status of Endangered Wildl. in Can., Ottawa. 34pp. |
|||||||||||
Ethier, T.J. 1999. Breeding habitat of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis laingi) on Vancouver Island: a hierarchical approach. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Victoria, BC. |
|||||||||||
Forest Practices Code. 1997. Northern Goshawk in Species and Plant Community Accounts for Identified Wildlife: Vol. 1. B.C. Minist. For. and B.C. Environ. 184pp. |
|||||||||||
Hayward, G.D., and R.E. Escano. 1989. Goshawk nest-site characteristics in western Montana and northern Idaho. Condor 91:476-479. |
|||||||||||
Iverson, G.C., et al. 1996. Conservation Assessment for the Northern Goshawk in Southeast Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-387. Pacific Northwest Res. Stn., For. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric., Portland, OR. 101pp. |
|||||||||||
Johnsgard, P.A. 1990. Northern Goshawk. Pp.176-182 in Hawks, eagles and falcons of North America: biology and natural history. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, DC. |
|||||||||||
Manning, E.T., P. Chytyk, and J.M. Cooper. 2002. Queen Charlotte Goshawk species-habitat model for Canfor TFL 37, Woss, British Columbia. Rep. prep. for Can. For. Products Ltd., Woss, BC. Dec. 2002. |
|||||||||||
Manning, E.T., P. Chytyk, and J.M. Cooper. 2004. 2004 Northern Goshawk monitoring of Canfor TFL 37, Woss, BC - Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Englewood Division. Can. For. Products Ltd., Woss, BC. 37pp. |
|||||||||||
McClaren, E. 1997. Queen Charlotte Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory summary for Vancouver Island, British Columbia (1996/1997). Unpublished report, BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Nanaimo, BC. 28pp. |
|||||||||||
McClaren, E. 1998. Queen Charlotte Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory for Vancouver Island, B.C. (1997/98). Unpublished report for BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Nanaimo, BC. 54pp. |
|||||||||||
McClaren, E. 1999. Queen Charlotte Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory summary for Vancouver Island, B.C. (1998/99). B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, unpublished report. Nanaimo, B.C. 40pp. |
|||||||||||
McClaren, E. 2000. Northern Goshawk Population Inventory for Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 1994-1998. Pp. 251-262 in L.M. Darling, ed. 2000. Proc. Conf. on the Biology and Manage. Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 Feb., 1999. Vol. 1; B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC, and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC. 490pp. |
|||||||||||
McClaren, E. 2003. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory summary for Vancouver Island, British Columbia (1994-2002). B.C. Minist. Water, Land and Air Prot., Nanaimo. 84pp. |
|||||||||||
McClaren, E.L., P.L. Kennedy, and P.L. Chapman. 2003. Efficacy of male goshawk food-delivery calls in broadcast surveys on Vancouver Island. J. Raptor Res. 37(3):198-208. |
|||||||||||
McClaren, E.L., P.L. Kennedy, and S.R. Dewey. 2002. Do some Northern Goshawk nest areas consistently fledge more young than others? Condor 104:343-352 |
|||||||||||
McGowan, J.D. 1975. Distribution, density, and productivity of goshawks in Interior Alaska. Alaska Dep. Fish and Game. Fed. Aid Wildl. Rest. Proj. Rep. W-17-4, W-17-5, W-17-6, Job 10.6R, Juneau, AK. 31pp. |
|||||||||||
Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis laingi Recovery Team. 2008. Recovery strategy for the Northern Goshawk, laingi subspecies (Accipiter gentilis laingi) in British Columbia. Prepared for the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC. 56 pp. |
|||||||||||
Reynolds, R.T., and E.C. Meslow. 1984. Partitioning of food and niche characteristics of coexisting Accipiter during breeding. Auk 101:761-779 |
|||||||||||
Reynolds, R.T., and H.M. Wight. 1978. Distribution, density, and productivity of Accipiter hawks breeding in Oregon. Wilson Bull. 90:182-196. |
|||||||||||
Roberts, A-M. 1997. Food habits of Northern Goshawks in the Queen Charlotte Islands and in the Kispiox Forest District 1996. B.C. Minist. Environ., Lands and Parks, Smithers. 13pp. Unpubl. rep. |
|||||||||||
Roberts, A.-M. 1997. Food habits of Northern Goshawks in the Queen Charlotte Islands and in the Kispiox Forest District 1996. Unpublished report, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Smithers, BC. 13pp.. |
|||||||||||
Squires, J.R., and L.F. Ruggiero. 1996. Nest-site preference of northern goshawk in south-central Wyoming. J. Raptor Res. 29:5-9. |
|||||||||||
Squires, J.R., and R.T. Reynolds. 1997. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in A. Poole, and F. Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, No. 298. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, PA, and Am. Ornithol. Union, Washington, DC. 32pp. |
|||||||||||
Titus, K., C. J. Flatten, and R. E. Lowell. 1995. Goshawk habitat relationships on the Tongass National Forest. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Final report to the U.S. Forest Service, contract number 43-0109-4-0209. 45pp. |
|||||||||||
Titus, K., C.J. Flatten, and R. Lowell. 1994. Goshawk ecology and habitat relationships on the Tongass National Forest (Goshawk nest sites, food habits, morphology, home range and habitat data). Final annual project report, P.O./C.A./Contract Number 43-0109-3-0272. Prepared by: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation for USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region, Tongass National Forest. 69 p. + append. |
|||||||||||
Zeeman, A. 2003. Dawn vocalization surveys for Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis laingi) on Vancouver Island during the 1999 and 2000 courtship periods. Pp. 61-71, Appendix 1, in E. McClaren. 2003. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis laingi) population inventory summary for Vancouver Island, British Columbia. (1994-2002). B.C. Minist. Water, Land and Air Prot., Nanaimo. 84pp. |
|||||||||||
Please visit the website Conservation Status Ranks for definitions of the data fields used in this summary report.
Suggested Citation:
B.C. Conservation Data Centre. 2005. Species Summary: Accipiter gentilis laingi. B.C. Minist. of Environment. Available: https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/ (accessed Apr 24, 2024).